Narration Change সহজ নিয়ম

 NARRATION CHANGE 

 

Direct speech কে Indirect speech পরিবর্তন করার সময় Tense, person, sentence, নিকটবর্তী শব্দকে দূরবর্তী শব্দে পরিবর্তন সহ এসকল নানাবিধ পরিবর্তন করতে হয়। বিশেষভাবে মনে রাখতে হবে যে–

 

o   Tense এর পরিবর্তন।

o   Person এর পরিবর্তন।

o   নিকটবর্তী শব্দকে দূরবর্তী শব্দে পরিবর্তন।

o   sentence এর পরিবর্তন।

 

 

Narration বা speech-কথাটির অর্থ হল “উক্তি''

Speaker বা বক্তা এর বক্তব্যকে Narration বা Speech বলে।

 

Narration কে আমরা দুই ভাগে ভাগ করি

 যথা :

1. Direct speach(প্রত্যক্ষ উক্তি):- বক্তার উক্তি বা কথাগুলি বক্তা নিজে হুবহু প্রকাশ করলে তাকে Direct Narration বলে।

উদাহরন:-

Raju says to Rahim,”You are ill”.

এই বাক্যটিতে Raju নিজে কথা বলছে।তাই এটা Direct Speech

Direct speech চেনার উপায়:

 Direct speech টি inverted comma এর মধ্যে থাকে।

Reported verb এর পর comma থাকে।

     

2.Indirect speech (পরোক্ষ উক্তি):– বক্তার কথা যখন সরাসরি প্রকাশ না হয়ে যখন পরোক্ষ ভাবে প্রকাশ করা হয় তখন তাকে Indirect speech বলে।

উদাহরন:- Sunita said to her brother that the sun rises in the east.

 

 

Direct speech এর দুটি অংশ থাকে -

i. Reporting verb এবং

ii. Reported speech.

উদাহরন:-Sumi said to her brother, “The sun rises in the east”.

“Sumi said to her brother” হল Reporting verb

এবং  “The sun rises in the east” হল Reported speech

এখন আমরা মনে রাখব যে–

Ø Sumi said to her brother, “The sun rises in the east”.

Ø এই বাক্যটির Sumi হল “Speaker” বা “বক্তা”।

Ø Her brother কে বলব Reporting verb এর Object.

Ø The sun কে বলব Reported Speach এর Subjet.

Ø Rises কে বলব Reported Speach এর Verb.

 

 

Tense এর পরিবর্তন:

 

 

Direct Speech                                  Indirect Speech

Present Indefinite              -           Past Indefinite

Present Continuous          -           Past Continuous

Present Perfect                   -           Past Perfect

Present Perfect Continuous-      Past Perfect Continuous

Past Indefinite                    -           Past Perfect

Past Continuous                 -           Past perfect Continuous

Past Perfect                         -           অপরিবর্তনীয়

Past Perfect Continuous  -           অপরিবর্তনীয়

 

খুব সহজে auxiliary verb পরিবর্তনের নিয়ম:

 

Direct Speech                                              Indirect Speech

am/is/are                 -                                   was/were

was/were                 -                                   had been

have/has                  -                                   had

had+V3                     -                                   had+V3

shall/will                   -                                   would

can                             -                                   could

may                            -                                   might

must                          -                                   had to or must

should                       -                                   should have + V3

would                        -                                   অপরিবর্তনীয়

could                          -                                   অপরিবর্তনীয়

might                         -                                   অপরিবর্তনীয়

 

Person পরিবর্তন করার নিয়ম:

 

Nominative              Objective                  Possessive

 

I                                   Me                              My

We                              Us                               Our

You                             You                             Your

He                               Him                            His

She                             Her                             Her

They                           Them                         Their

It                                 It                                 It’s

 

 

Reporting verb যদি Past Tense এ থাকে, তবে Indirect Speech এ  Direct Speech এর নিকটবর্তী শব্দকে দূরবর্তী শব্দে পরিবর্তন করতে হয়।

 

Direct Speech                                  Indirect Speech

This                                                    That

These                                                 those

Here                                                   there

Come                                                 go

Ago                                                     before

Now                                                   then

Hence                                                 thence

Hither                                                 thither

Thus                                                   so

Today                                                that day

Tonight                                              that night

Tomorrow                                        the next day/ the following day

Next week/ month/ year.......            the following week/ month/ year...

Last day/ night/ month/ year....         the previous day/ night/ month/ year....

Yesterday                                         the previous day

 

 

 

👉বাক্যের শ্রেণীবিভাগ অনুযায়ী Narration এর রুপান্তর। There are five types of sentence according to the meaning.

                    01. Assertive sentence

                    02. Interrogative sentence

                    03. Imperative sentence

                    04. Operative sentence

                    05. Exclamatory sentence

     Assertive sentence এর Narration change

o   Reporting Verb এর Subject+

o   said এর পরিবর্তে told+

o   Reporting verb এর Object+

o   Inverted comma উঠে গিয়ে Conjunction that বসে+

o   subject + verb + object+ extension. (Person ও tense পরিবর্তন করতে হয়)

 

Direct: The man said to me, “I am very hungry.”

Indirect: The man told me that he was very hungry.

 

ü Reporting verb এর পর object না থাকলে said অপরিবর্তিত থাকে।

 

Direct: My friend said, “I am helpless”

Indirect: My friend said that he was helpless.

 

Direct: He said, “You did the math.”

Indirect: He said that I had done the math.

 

    বাক্যটি চিরন্তন সত্য, অভ্যাসগত সত্য, বৈজ্ঞানিক সত্য হলে Tense এর কোন পরিবর্তন হবে না।

Direct: Father said to me, “Honesty is the best policy.”

Indirect: Father told me that honesty is the best policy.

 

 

Interrogative Sentence এর Narration Change

·        Reporting verb পরিবর্তন হয়ে asked/enquired of/demand হয়.

·        Reported speech যদি auxiliary verb দ্বারা শুরু হয় তাহলে inverted comma (“ ”) উঠে if/whether বসে.

·        Reported speech Wh-word দ্বারা শুরু হয় তাহলে inverted comma (“ ”) উঠে wh-word ই বসে.Sentence টি interrogative এর পরিবর্তে assertive sentence এ রূপান্তরিত হয়.

Direct: He told me, “Will you help my dad?”

Indirect: He asked me if I would help his dad.

 

Direct: He told me, “When will you help my dad?”

Indirect: He asked me when I would help his dad.

 

Interrogative sentence কে direct থেকে Indirect করার সময় যা যা করনীয়ঃ

 Reporting speech এর Sub+ asked+ reporting speech এর Obj+ Wh/If+ Sub+ verb+ obj + ext (Person ও tense পরিবর্তন করতে হয়।Subject এর আগে do/does/did থাকলে তা উঠে যায়।)

 

Direct: The teacher said to me, “Have you completed your homework?”

Indirect: The teacher asked me if I had completed my homework.

 

Direct: He said to me, “Did you go there?”

Indirect: He asked me if I had gone there.

 

Direct: My father said to me, “what do you want?’

Indirect: My father asked me what I wanted.

Imperative sentence এর Narration Change

                               Reporting Speech                                 Reported Verb

 

আদেশ/নির্দেশ                             ---                                 Ordered

নিষেধ                               --                               For bade/ordered

উপদেশ                             --                                advised

অনুরোধ                              --                              requested

প্রস্তাব                                 --                             Proposed to

সামরিকআদেশ                       --                            commanded

অন্যান্য                                 --                           told/said/suggested

 

 

·        Do not থাকলে inverted comma (“  ”) উঠে গিয়ে Not to বসে।

·        Let দ্বারা Reported Speech দ্বারা শুরু হলে inverted comma (“  ”) উঠে গিয়ে that বসে।

·        V1/Be/never/please/kindly/always দ্বারা reported speech শুরু হলে inverted comma (“  ”) উঠে গিয়ে to বসে।

N.B.Imperative sentence এ Tense এর পরিবর্তন হয়না।

 

Direct: He told me, “Help me.”

Indirect: He requested me to help him.

 

Direct: He told me, “Do not do this.”

Indirect: He ordered me not to do that.

Or He forbade me to do that.

 

·        Reporting speech এর Sub+ ordered/ advised/ requested/ forbade (কিছু না বুঝলে told ব্যবহার করা যাবে।) + Reporting speech এর Obj+ to/not to+ মূল verb থেকে শেষ পর্যন্ত। (Person পরিবর্তন করতে হয়। Please দ্বারা শুরু হলে Please উঠে যাবে।)

 

Direct: Father said to me, “Memorize it now.”

Indirect: Father ordered me to memorize it then.

 

Direct: The teacher said to the student, “Always speak the truth.”

Indirect: The teacher advised the student to always speak the truth.

 

Direct: He said to me, “Please, do it now.”

Indirect: He requested me to do it then.

 

Direct: Mother said to me, “Don`t run in the sun.”

Indirect: Mother forbade me to run in the sun.

Or,

Indirect: Mother told me not to run in the sun.

 

·        Imperative sentence টি Let us/ let’s দ্বারা শুরু হলে নিম্নের নিয়মে করতে হবে: R.V এর Sub+ proposed to/ suggested to + R.V এর Obj+that+Sub+should +মূল verb এর present form + object + ext. (subject হিসেবে we/they/ you হবে।)

 

Direct: Matt said to me, “Let us go out for a walk.”

Indirect: Matt proposed to me that we should go out for a walk.

 

কিন্তু, Let এর পর us না থেকে অন্যকিছু যেমন- Let me/ him/ her/ them/ you..... থাকলে নিম্নের নিয়মে করতে হবে:

 

·        Reporting speech এর Sub+ told+ Reporting speech এর Obj+ that+ Sub + might/ might be allowed to + মূল verb এর present form + obj+ ext.

 

·        Let যুক্ত sentence কে direct থেকে indirect করার সময় যা যা করনীয়:

 

Direct: Matt said to me, “Let me learn English.”

Indirect: Matt told me that he might learn English.

 

 

Direct: He said to me, “May I come in?”

Indirect: He told me that he might be allowed to go in.

Optative sentence

Allah/God/ Lord                 Prayed

শুভেচ্ছা /সুপ্রভাত                      wished

শুভরাত্রি / বিদায়                         bade

 

1. May/ Long live দ্বারা Reported speech শুরু হলে inverted comma (“ ”) উঠে গিয়ে that বসে। কিন্তু Reporting Speech এর object বসে না.

 

2. Direct Wish দ্বারা Reported speech শুরু হলে Reporting verb এরপর object বসে । কিন্তু inverted comma (“ ”) পরিবর্তে that বসে না।

 

 

 

Direct: He told me, “May Allah bless you.”

Indirect: He prayed that Allah might bless me.

 

 Direct: He told me, “Good morning.”

Indirect: He wished me good morning.

 

 

3. Reporting speech এর Sub+ wished/ prayed+ that+ Sub + might+মূল verb+ obj+ ext. (Object বসাতে হলে তার পূর্বে to/ for বসাতে হবে । নতুবা object তুলে দিতে হয়। Long দ্বারা বাক্য শুরু হলে long বাক্যের শেষে বসে।)

 

 

Direct: Teacher said to me, “May God save you.”

Indirect: The teacher wished that God might save me.

 

 

Direct: He said, “Long live our president.”

Indirect: He wished that their president might live long.

 

Exclamatory sentence এর Narration Change

সুখ        Exclaimed with joy

দুঃখ      Exclaimed with grief/sorrow

বিস্ময়    Exclaimed with wonder/surprise

ঘৃণা       Exclaimed with abhorrence

অনন্য    Exclaimed/cried out

 

1. Wh-word ও অন্যান্য word দ্বারা Reported speech শুরু হলে inverted comma(“ ”) উঠে গিয়ে that বসে। কিন্ত Reporting speech এর Object বসে না।

 

Direct: He told me, “Alas! I have failed again.’’

Indirect: He exclaimed with sorrow that he had failed again.

 

Direct: They said, “Hurrah! We won the match.’’

Indirect: They exclaimed with joy that they had won the match.

 

 

2. Reporting speech এর Sub+ exclaimed with joy/wonder/sorrow/grief (কিছুই বুঝা না গেলে শুধুমাত্র exclaimed লেখা যাবে) +conjunction that+ Subject+ verb+ object + ext. (Person ও tense পরিবর্তন করতে হয় sentence টি what/how দ্বারা শুরু হলে ইহার পরিবর্তে noun এর পূর্বে great এবং Adjective এ পূর্বে very বসে।)

 

Direct: He said, “What a nice bird it is!”

Indirect: He exclaimed with joy that it was a very nice bird.

 

Direct: He said, “Alas! I am undone.”

Indirect: He exclaimed with sorrow that he was very undone.

Rules of Passage Narration

01. প্রথমে সমস্ত Passage টি ভালো ভাবে পড়তে হবে। কে কথা বলছে ও কে কথা শুনছে তা খুজে বের করতে হবে। একই বক্তা একসাথে কয়টা কথা বলল এবং সেগুলো কোন Sentence এ আছে তা নির্ধারণ করতে হবে।

 02. একই বক্তা পর পর কয়েকটি কথা বললে এবং সেগুলো Assertive sentence হলে প্রথমবার said/ told এবং এরপর প্রতিটি sentence এর জন্য পর্যায়ক্রমে-added that/ also added that/ again added that/ further added that বসে।

 Direct: Matt said, “I went to market. I bought some vegetables. I met with my cousin.”

Indirect: Matt said that he had gone to market. He added that he had bought some vegetables. He also added that he had met with his cousin.

 

03. একই বক্তা পর পর কয়েকটি কথা বললে এবং সেগুলো Interrogative Sentence হলে পর পর প্রতিটি Sentence এর জন্য পর্যায়ক্রমে- asked/ also asked/ again asked/ further asked বসে।

 Direct: Matt said to me, “Where did you go yesterday? Have you finished reading the book? When will you return my book?”

 Indirect: Matt asked me where I had gone the previous day. He also asked if I had finished reading the book. He again asked when I would return his book.

 

04. Interrogative Sentence এর প্রশ্নের জবাবে Yes/ No থাকলে Yes এর পরিবর্তে Replied in the affirmative বসে এবং No এর পরিবর্তে Replied in the negative বসে।

 

→নিয়ম- Reporting speech এর Subject + replied in the affirmative/ negative.

 

→কিন্তু, Yes/ No এরপর অতিরিক্ত বক্তব্য থাকলে replied in the affirmative/ negative এরপর and said that লিখে বাকিটা শেষ করতে হয়।

Direct: Matt said, “Yes, I have done it.”

Indirect: Matt replied in the affirmative and said that he had done it.

 

05. Sir এর পরিবর্তে Respectfully/ Politely বসে। Yes, sir /No, sir থাকলে আগে Sir এর কাজ করতে হয়। যেমন-

 

Direct: The student said, “Yes, sir, I will complete my lesson.”

Indirect: The student respectfully replied in the affirmative and said that he would complete his lesson.

 

06. Reported speech –এ ‘Good-bye/ Good night থাকলে indirect করার সময়

Reporting speech এর Subject + bade + R.V. এর object + good-bye.

 

Direct: He said to me, “Good-bye”

Indirect: He bade me goodbye.

 

 07. Reported speech এ ‘Thank you থাকলে- Indirect করার সময় Reporting Speech এর Subject + thanked + reporting speech এর object.

 Direct: The stranger said, “Thank you.”

Indirect: The stranger thanked me.

 

08. Reported speech-এ ‘good morning, good evening, good afternoon, etc.’ থাকলে indirect করার সময় Reporting speech এর Subject + wished + reporting speech এর object + good morning/ /good evening/ good afternoon.

 

Direct: Matt said his friend, “Good morning.”

Indirect: Matt wished his friend good morning.

 

09.Vocative case এর ক্ষেত্রে- Addressing as +যা বলল+যে বলল+সাধারন নিয়ম।

 Direct: Shaven said, “Darling, please give me a glass of water.”

Indirect: Addressing as darling Shaven requested to give him a glass of water.

 

10. Reported speech - এ ‘By Allah, By Jove, by my life, by my love’ থাকলে Indirectকরার সময় swearing by +যা বলল+ সাধারন নিয়ম।

 Direct: Matt said to Erica, “By Allah, I will not forget you.”

Indirect: Swearing by Allah, Matt told Erica that he would not forget her.

 

11. Interrogative sentence এর উত্তর direct speech এ সংক্ষেপে থাকলেও indirect speech এ পূর্ণ sentence এ লিখতে হয়।

 Direct: He said to me, “What are you writing?” I said, “A letter.”

Indirect: He asked me what I was writing. I replied that I was writing a letter.

 

12. Inverted Comma এর মধ্যে well, you see থাকলে Indirect Speech এদের বাদ দেয়া হয় ।

 Direct: The teacher said, “Well Rana, I shall reward you.”

Indirect: The teacher said to Rana that he would reward him.

 

13. Direct speech এর শুরুতে so, but থাকলে । so এর পরিবর্তে that is why. এবং but এর পরিবর্তে Express dissatisfaction বসে।

 Direct: Matt said to me, “I am weak. So I will not go to the meeting.”

Indirect: Matt told me that he was weak that is why he would not go to the meeting.

 

14. Reporting Speech এর সাথে অতিরিক্ত অংশ হিসেবে Present Participle Phrase থাকলে Indirect speech এ তা Reporting Speech এর শুরুতেই ব্যবহৃত হবে। কিন্তু Present Participle Phrase ছাড়া অন্য কোন phrase থাকলে তা অপরিবর্তিত থাকবে। অর্থাৎ জায়গার কোন পরিবর্তন হবে না।

Direct: “Are you brothers?” asked the mistress of the house turning to the dervishes.( Present participle phrase)

Indirect: Turning to the dervishes the mistress of the house asked if they were brothers.

 

Direct: “Why do you beg?” asked the mistress of the house situated beside the Buriganga. ( Past participle phrase)

Indirect: The mistress of the house situated beside the Buriganga, asked why they begged.

 

 15. Ok এর পরিবর্তে Subject+ agreed that.....বসে।

 Direct: John said to me, "Ok, I am going there now."

Indirect: John agreed with me and said that he was going there then.

 

16. Hello/hi এর পরিবর্তে Subject+ greeted that...বসে।

 Direct: Eva said to her, "Hello, how are you?"

Indirect: Eva greeted her and asked how she was.

 

17. Replied/asked/cried/uttered/muttered-------No change.

 Direct: She uttered silently, "No one is here now."

Indirect: She uttered silently that no one was there then.